Nuestra Victoria en el Chaco

Nuestra Victoria en el Chaco

Pareciera ser que últimamente hay vergüenza en decir que luego de una larga contienda bélica que empezó mucho antes de lo que se ha establecido en la historiografía moderna (pues la ocupación boliviana de las posiciones internas del Chaco Paraguayo antecedió con mucho al estallido de la guerra).

Pero aun si aceptamos el habitual rango de fechas (9 de Septiembre de 1932 a 12 de Junio de 1935), no queda de otra sino reconocer el gran triunfo obtenido por las armas y por el pueblo paraguayo contra un valiente y aguerrido rival como lo fue el soldado boliviano. Pero hagamos un breve resumen de cómo se dio este conflicto bélico, el más importante en tierras iberoamericanas en el Siglo XX.

1- ANTECEDENTES Y CAUSAS.

El Paraguay, que había quedado devastado luego de su gloriosa tragedia en la «Guerra de la Triple Alianza» (1864-1870) y que en palabras (que sintetizo libremente) del periodista y escritor español Fernando Díaz Villanueva «había dado un ejemplo increíble de perseverancia, había obrado un milagro que es su propia supervivencia tras el desastre, había tenido a un Leónidas en la figura del Mariscal López», a duras penas lograba recuperarse. [1]

El último intento de colonización paraguayo del Chaco Boreal se dio precisamente por iniciativa del entonces Gral. Solano López, quien en las proximidades de la actual Villa Hayes hizo fundar en 1855 una colonia de franceses. La famosa «Nueva Burdeos», con resultados mixtos: muchos de los europeos, que no eran expertos en agricultura, la pasaron muy mal y debieron abandonar el país mientras que otros tantos permanecieron, pero decidieron asentarse en otros puntos del Paraguay.

Luego de ello, se tuvo que esperar más de 70 años para que el Gobierno Paraguayo vuelva a intentar algo similar. Debió llegar un hombre ilustrado y previsor como Don Eligio Ayala para que se siguiera una «política lopista», se pensara en la colonización del Chaco Paraguayo como única «barrera de defensa» ante las intenciones de avance boliviano en las fronteras. Fue durante su Gobierno que se aceleraron todos los trámites para que las primeras «Colonias Menno» se establezcan en el país. Lo hicieron en el famoso «Infierno Verde» y hoy estas comunidades son de las más prósperas del Paraguay.

De todas maneras, la «colonización menno» en el Chaco recién estaba empezando mientras que Bolivia mucho tiempo ya venía avanzando sobre los territorios inexplorados e inocupados, fundando fortines y estableciendo puestos avanzados militares.

Sin embargo, Eligio Ayala era un hombre que remaba a «contracorriente». Mientras se preocupaba por obtener armamento y buscar la modernización del Ejército Paraguayo, que tanto había sufrido por innumerables guerras civiles que fueron una terrible sangría para el pueblo, la gran mayoría de los políticos en el Gobierno de la Época (hegemonía liberal) solamente pensaban en «abandonar todo el Chaco Paraguayo como la única defensa posible», en palabras del mismo Mariscal José Félix Estigarribia. [2]

Asqueado, fastidiado, enfurecido contra todo el mundo, Don Eligio Ayala renuncia al Partido Liberal y a toda vida política… Poco tiempo después encuentra su triste final, asesinado en un episodio confuso al que se ha querido tildar de «asunto de polleras».

El Gobierno de Eligio Ayala tiene como mérito insuperable que fue el único de toda esa larga seguidilla de administraciones liberales que se preocupó y que intentó preparar al país para la defensa del Chaco: hubo un pequeño rearme, se adquirieron fusiles (muchos de ellos defectuosos), granadas, los más modernos morteros, alguna artillería y las famosas «Cañoneras de Bozzano». Era poco, ciertamente, pero no se podían hacer milagros… En 4 años, Eligio Ayala no podía revertir una situación de total desidia de 40 años…

Don Eligio Ayala (en primer plano), quien fue Presidente del Paraguay (1923-1928), rodeado por sus ministros de gabinete. Eligio Ayala, no Eusebio, es el verdadero «Presidente de la Victoria». Fue al único al que le importó la defensa del Chaco, luchando contra viento y marea contra un ambiente hostil y entreguista. [Fotografía de autor desconocido].

A partir del 15 de Agosto de 1928 (cuando Eligio Ayala abandonó la Presidencia) en adelante, todo sería anarquía, desgobierno, caos, toma de fortines paraguayos por los bolivianos, masacre del 23 de Octubre de 1931… ¡Paraguay no podía estar en situación más desfavorable al llegar Septiembre de 1932!

El caso de Bolivia era distinto.

Tras la famosa «Guerra del Pacífico» (1879-1884), conflicto típicamente territorial y de expansión militar entre Estados Sudamericanos y que propició Chile tras la ocupación de Antofagasta, ciudad que entonces pertenecía a Bolivia. Los bolivianos, que incluso contaron con el apoyo de Perú, no lograron recuperar el terreno perdido y Chile se quedaría con toda la salida marítima que pertenecía a Bolivia y que la conectaba con el Océano Pacífico. [3]

Fue una derrota humillante que Bolivia no pudo olvidar. Quedó aislada, sin salidas al mar y con cuestiones territoriales y fronterizas pendientes de solución con el Paraguay, quien a pesar de su mediterraneidad, siempre logró (mientras sus vecinos se lo permitieron) comunicarse con el mundo a través de sus inmensos ríos.

Así, la «derrota en Chile» debía ser compensada con una «victoria en Paraguay», que se consideraba fácil por la calamitosa situación de la nación guaraní, que a duras penas se recuperaba de la Guerra de la Triple Alianza y que venía envuelta en innumerables conflictos intestinos, con una administración pública y militar que dejaba muchísimo que desear, a pesar de los intentos de algunos patriotas ya citados anteriormente.

El Presidente de Bolivia, Don Daniel Salamanca (con nacionalismo plausible, aunque subestimando al rival) nunca ocultó sus intenciones. El Ejército Boliviano, bien entrenado y adiestrado por un veterano alemán de la Primera Guerra Mundial, Cnel. Hans Kundt (quien se había destacado en las Campañas de Rusia), en verdad que tenía todas las de vencer: una población mayor a la paraguaya, mejor preparación, mejor diplomacia… La única ventaja militar de los guaraníes era el «ardor guerrero», pues los bolivianos nunca se sintieron enemigos de los paraguayos, nunca quisieron ir a pelear una guerra que no fue provocada y que nadie había buscado.

Finalmente, se ha hablado bastante de los intereses petrolíferos y de hidrocarburos que motivaron esta guerra. Sin duda, no es una hipótesis que pueda ser descartada, pues los conflictos bélicos se desatan también por el control de recursos naturales estratégicos. De hecho, la «Standard Oil» de la famosa y poderosa Familia Rockefeller habría apoyado las pretensiones bolivianas, lo que fue denunciado por el célebre estadounidense Senador Huey Long. Paraguay, por su parte, tuvo como interesado aliado político a la Argentina y esta nación, siempre «furgón de cola» de Gran Bretaña, promovía los intereses de la «Royal Dutch Shell». Estos temas, sin embargo, siguen siendo muy discutidos y hay opiniones dispares. [4]

De todas maneras, el tablero estaba dispuesto y el choque en 1931 ya era inevitable…

2- RESUMEN DE LAS ACCIONES.

A pesar de los constantes avances bolivianos sobre los fortines paraguayos, dicho país nunca recibió sanciones serias de la recientemente formada «Sociedad de Naciones» (preludio de la actual Organización de las Naciones Unidas, entidades que para nnada han servido históricamente) que por el contrario, siempre se mostró contraria al Paraguay.

Finalmente y por iniciativa propia del Comandante Paraguayo en el Chaco, entonces Tte. Cnel. José Félix Estigarribia (quien asumió toda la responsabilidad política por haber actuado sin órdenes del Gobierno), se decide la captura del Fortín Boquerón, que estaba ocupado por los bolivianos y que marcaba un punto neurálgico en toda la extensión territorial chaqueña. El 9 de Septiembre inició una larga batalla que costó sangre, sudor y lágrimas a los soldados paraguayos pues el Ejército Boliviano mostró una resistencia digna de la más alta admiración. Pero a la larga, aislados y con pocas provisiones, debieron ceder ante el avance paraguayo el 29 de Septiembre de 1932. Las bajas guaraníes fueron desastrozas, pero el cometido se había conseguido: el pueblo paraguayo una vez más se levantaba en «grito de guerra» para la defensa de su heredad y su territorio hollado.

El Mariscal Póstumo, José Félix Estigarribia, quien asumió toda la responsabilidad para la recuperación del Chaco Paraguayo, en contra de los deseos de los gobiernos de la época, que pretendían abandonarlo. Obtuvo una dura pero gloriosa victoria contra los tenaces bolivianos, que la vendieron cara. [Museo Estigarribia].

En la línea de Saavedra-Alihuatá, los bolivianos lograron recuperarse en la «Batalla de Campo Jordán» (febrero 1933), que vencieron luego de largos enfrentamientos. Pero los paraguayos se recuperaron en la épica batalla de largos meses de duración que fue cantada por las letras de Emiliano R. Fernández en «13 Tuyutí»: en el celebérrimo Fortín Nanawa (Enero-Julio 1933), una victoria que volvió a levantar la moral paraguaya y que fue humillante derrota para el Gral. Hans Kundt, el prestigioso comandante alemán de los bolivianos. Para colmo de males, los paraguayos obtendrían otra victoria (quizás más importante por su sentido estratégico) en la Batalla de Fortín Toledo (10 de Marzo de 1933) y en donde se destacó la legendaria figura del Cap. Manuel Irala Fernández, el famoso patrullero y espía paraguayo conocido como «Yakaré Valija» y que con sus operaciones desmantelaba todos los secretos bolivianos.

Otras batallas, con variados resultados, se dieron en ese período hasta que en Noviembre de 1933, el Ejército Paraguayo llevó a cabo una maniobra de cerco magistral que concluyó en Diciembre del mismo año con una catastrófica derrota para Bolivia: fue la «Batalla de Campo Vía», la más grande de toda la guerra y que logró una ventaja decisiva para Paraguay. Lastimosamente, esta increíble victoria guaraní fue malograda por la pésima dirección política del país, entonces gobernado por el Presidente Eusebio Ayala. Mientras los Jefes Militares de Paraguay pedían que se continúe intensamente las operaciones para explotar la tremenda victoria al máximo, el Gobierno Paraguayo hizo todo lo que estuvo a su alcance para negociar la paz con Bolivia, para «lavarse la cara» ante la comunidad internacional (cosa que a nadie importaba), para ganarse el «visto bueno» de la Sociedad de Naciones. Todo esto fue una imperdonable pérdida de tiempo y oportunidad, denunciada por los más importantes comandantes paraguayos de la época.

De hecho, Bolivia tendría tiempo de recuperarse. A pesar de la importante victoria paraguaya en Fortín Magariños el 11 de Febrero de 1934, los bolivianos cobrarían su desquite en la «Batalla de Strongest» el 25 de Mayo de 1934. Esa victoria boliviana prácticamente desbarató todo lo que se había conseguido en «Campo Vía».

A partir de allí, la guerra fue de atrición y durísimas penalidades para ambos bandos. Pero Paraguay logró asestar dos golpazos decisivos a finales de 1934: en las batallas del «Cármen» (la más brillante accion paraguaya en la guerra) y de «Yrendague», donde se destacó el Gral. Eugenio A. Garay. A partir de aquí, la victoria militar de los guaraníes era indiscutible.

A Bolivia le quedó un último fortín en el Chaco Boreal: Villamontes. El mando paraguayo estaba dividido: algunos sentían una magnética atracción hacia ese «último fortín» al que querían capturar para asestar un golpe tan duro y propagandístico que fuera irresistible. Otros por su parte deseaban avanzar aún más allá del Parapití (el Cnel. Rafael Franco y su compañero el Cap. Manuel Irala Fernández habían sido los primeros en cruzar el legendario río y capturar momentáneamente la ciudad boliviana de Charagua, la única ciudad que fuera tomada durante la guerra). Finalmente, prevaleció el criterio (quizás sesgado y erróneo) de atacar Villamontes, lugar en donde los bolivianos demostraron su tenacidad y entereza, rechazando todos los intentos paraguayos.

Finalmente, los bolivianos (dirigidos ya entonces por Enrique Peñaranda y David Toro) lanzaron un último y feroz contraataque que culminaría con una milagrosa victoria paraguaya en la Batalla de Ingavi, el 12 de Junio de 1935. Fue la última batalla de la Guerra del Chaco hasta que se declaró el cese al fuego definitivo. Los paraguayos se hallaban a pocos kilómetros de conquistar la pequeña villa petrolífera de Ravello, ocupando la importante ruta del Boyuibé y tocando al Río Parapití en las cercanías de Villa Montes, el único fuerte boliviano que no fue conquistado…

3- LAS CONSECUENCIAS.

A pesar de que los bolivianos lograron imponer en la diplomacia a los pusilánimes políticos paraguayos que la Guerra del Chaco «no tuvo vencedores ni vencidos», la realidad era clara y contundente. Todo era cuestión de mirar el mapa al iniciar las hostilidades y al finalizarse, todo era cuestión de contabilizar las bajas de ambos bandos.

Paraguay movilizó unos 120.000 soldados sufriendo unas 40.000 bajas entre muertos, heridos y prisioneros.

Bolivia reclutó a 250.000 hombres y soportó por su parte unas 85.000 bajas entre muertos, heridos y prisioneros.

El mapa era contundente: en 1932 el 70% del Chaco estaba en manos bolivianas. Al cesar el fuego, el 81% del Chaco quedó en manos paraguayas (si nos basamos en la famosa «línea de hitos»). Es indiscutible la victoria militar paraguaya. [5]

Situación Territorial en las distintas fases de la Guerra del Chaco. Paraguay conquistó todos los territorios en color rojo y verde claro, que estaban ocupados por Bolivia al iniciar la guerra hasta su finalización el 12 de Junio de 1935. Los territorios en color verde claro fueron entregados en un espurio arbitraje por el Gobierno Paraguayo a Bolivia en Julio de 1938. [Mapa de Juan Isidro Ramírez en la obra «La Defensa de la Línea de Hitos» (1942)].

Lastimosamente, los bolivianos supieron sacar uña de guitarrero en las negociaciones, los «entes internacionales» se pusieron decididamente contra Paraguay y nuestros políticos demostraron su total cobardía y pusilanimidad en la mesa de negociaciones. Además, la inestabilidad política hizo de las suyas en el país, y finalmente, se acordó un arbitraje espurio y simbólico en el que se cedió gran parte de lo conquistado en la «línea de hitos» que Paraguay estableció a sangre y fuego… Una verdadera derrota diplomática que ha sido largamente detallada. [6]

Pero lo que nos importa es la victoria del pueblo y el ejército paraguayo, que tuvo a brillantes comandantes como José Félix Estigarribia, Iván Belaieff, Paulino Antola, Eugenio A. Garay, Juan B. Ayala, Rafael Franco, Yakare Valija y otros tantos que junto a los «soldados anónimos» del Chaco, han demostrado ser dignos herederos del Mariscal López y han obtenido un triunfo increíble contra un rival valiente, tenaz, aguerrido y noble que nos causó más dolores de cabeza de los que quisieramos admitir.

Para el Paraguay, el 12 de Junio no es simplemente el día de la «Paz del Chaco». ¡Es nuestro Día de la Victoria! ¡Así deberíamos recordarlo!

Nuestros saludos a los héroes de ambos países…

4- REFERENCIAS.

[1] Díaz Villanueva, Fernando: «La Triple Alianza», artículo publicado el 12 de Junio de 2020. Incluye podcast y vídeo de Youtube: https://diazvillanueva.com/la-triple-alianza/

[2] Estigarribia, José Félix (1990): «Memorias de la Guerra del Chaco: Conferencias Recopiladas por Graciela Estigarribia». Asunción, Paraguay: Editorial El Lector.

[3] Fowler, Will (2015): «Latin America since 1780». EEUU: Routledge Editors.

[4] Chiavenato, Julio José (1989): «Guerra del Chaco: Petróleo». Asunción, Paraguay: Carlos Schauman Editor.

[5] «Muchas Batallas, Pocas Victorias», artículo del Diario Opinión Digital (Cochabamba, Bolivia): 12 de Junio de 2011.

[6] Rout, Leslie (2011): «The Politics of the Chaco War Peace Conference». EEUU: University of Texas Press.

more

Emilio Urdapilleta

Ensayo sobre la Paz del Chaco (1935 – 1938): Capítulo X

Ensayo sobre la Paz del Chaco (1935 – 1938): Capítulo X

Josefina Plá y la Guerra Civil Española (Segunda Parte)

Josefina Plá y la Guerra Civil Española (Segunda Parte)

Ensayo sobre la Paz del Chaco (1935 – 1938): Capítulo IX

Ensayo sobre la Paz del Chaco (1935 – 1938): Capítulo IX

Josefina Plá y la Guerra Civil Española (Primera Parte)

Josefina Plá y la Guerra Civil Española (Primera Parte)

Ensayo sobre Obispos Ejecutados: Una Historia Controvertida

Ensayo sobre Obispos Ejecutados: Una Historia Controvertida

Ensayo sobre la Paz del Chaco (1935 – 1938): Capítulo VIII

Ensayo sobre la Paz del Chaco (1935 – 1938): Capítulo VIII

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